Mahmoud Mokhtari
Abstract
The main idea of this article is based on the comparison of "social innovation" with "technological innovation". In innovation studies, based on Schumpeter's view, innovation is "any invention in ideas, methods, products, services, etc. that are connected to the market and customers" (commercialized ...
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The main idea of this article is based on the comparison of "social innovation" with "technological innovation". In innovation studies, based on Schumpeter's view, innovation is "any invention in ideas, methods, products, services, etc. that are connected to the market and customers" (commercialized invention). According to this definition, until an "invention" has reached the market, it cannot be considered an (Schumpeterian) innovation. Most invented technological artifacts can be commercialized with definite mechanisms, but in the case of social innovations, such a thing is not necessarily desirable even if it is possible. Therefore, the main issue of the article is whether "social innovation" can/should be considered Schumpeterian innovation in principle? To answer this question, "ends" and "means" in social innovation are examined and claim that social innovation is not a Schumpeterian innovation. In a social innovation, the "ends" cannot be "purely non-social" although it may fulfill "in addition to" the social ends, other (economic, technological, ...) ends. If the goal of an innovation is only the economic profit of the company, but the method of achieving the goal is social changes, it is still outside the circle of social innovation. In terms of "means", social innovation depends on the "active role" of individuals and social groups, and is a bottom-up process (active social innovation versus passive social innovation). It is shown that the best "means" for an “active social innovation” is “designing” the social objects (rather than using pre-existing social objects).
Mesbah Khandan; Morteza Nouri
Abstract
Husserl presents a scheme of his philosophy of physics in paragraphs 40 to 52 of treatise Ideas1, relying on the foundations of the idea of transcendental phenomenology. The main pillar of his theory is the discussion of the nature and existence of unobservable and theoretical entities in mathematical ...
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Husserl presents a scheme of his philosophy of physics in paragraphs 40 to 52 of treatise Ideas1, relying on the foundations of the idea of transcendental phenomenology. The main pillar of his theory is the discussion of the nature and existence of unobservable and theoretical entities in mathematical physics. He expands his opinion while rejecting and violating two theories of primary-secondary qualities and critical realism and tries to propose an alternative model. In this article, I will first reread the clear and explicit aspect of Husserl's theory about unobservable entities by referring to the text of Ideas1, then by proposing an epistemological framework based on transcendental phenomenology, I will try to complete and reconstruct the ambiguous and controversial aspects of Husserl's theory. In this regard, I will argue that theoretical entities in physics have a "Universal" status, and therefore the discussion of what they are should be done using the doctrine of categorial intuition. In the following, while paying attention to the two ways of realizing universals in Husserl's view (Platonic and Kantian) and emphasizing the role of a ‘primary imaginary given’ in the constitution of universals, I will consider theoretical entities as universals in the Kantian sense and I will give evaluate the advantages and limitations of this interpretation.
Gholamhossein Moghaddam Heidari
Abstract
Hysteria is one of the diseases that have been known for more than two thousand years, and the research about it led to the emergence of psychoanalysis in the late 19th century. But in the 80s of the 20th century, this disease was removed from the list of mental diseases. The change of the etiology of ...
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Hysteria is one of the diseases that have been known for more than two thousand years, and the research about it led to the emergence of psychoanalysis in the late 19th century. But in the 80s of the 20th century, this disease was removed from the list of mental diseases. The change of the etiology of hysteria should be examined in two parts: pre-modern medicine and clinical medicine. In this article, we examine the etiology of hysteria in pre-modern medicine. The article has three parts: In the first part, the etiology of hysteria - the wandering uterus - in humoral medicine is examined. In the second part, the controversies related to the influence of magic factors in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance in the investigation of the etiology of hysteria are examined. In the final part, the impact of the mechanical attitude ruling the 17th century on the etiology of hysteria will be described by the theory of spirits.
Ali seyedi
Abstract
The wide application of mathematics in science raises the challenge of why and how mathematics is so effective and applicable in natural sciences. The explanation of this problem, especially after Wigner's famous article entitled "Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics", has fascinated many scientists ...
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The wide application of mathematics in science raises the challenge of why and how mathematics is so effective and applicable in natural sciences. The explanation of this problem, especially after Wigner's famous article entitled "Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics", has fascinated many scientists and philosophers of science. In this article, we examine different recent approaches to this issue. In addition, we show how metaphysical assumptions and different understandings of mathematics and physics have been involved in the formulation of this problem and the answers given to it. This review can help to a deeper understanding of the problem.
Hamed Bikaraan-Behesht
Abstract
It has been several decades since the center of excellence (CoE) schemes, which are policy instruments for achieving specific goals, have been developed, and several CoEs with different functions have been established. These centers provide suitable environments for research collaborations, especially ...
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It has been several decades since the center of excellence (CoE) schemes, which are policy instruments for achieving specific goals, have been developed, and several CoEs with different functions have been established. These centers provide suitable environments for research collaborations, especially interdisciplinary collaborations, which are essential for mission-oriented innovations for addressing the grand societal challenges. However, CoEs are faced with serious problems. One problem is that, although these centers aimed to create a critical mass of top researchers, which is essential to tackle the grand challenges, there are barriers to doing so. Besides, it seems that CoEs are in opposition to the value of equity that are important in scientific activities. In this paper, after discussing the concept of excellence and the classification, ways of establishing, funding, and the rationale for centers of excellence, I will discuss the two issues of critical mass and equity. Then, inspired by the structure of networks of excellence, I will propose a CoE scheme that can address both issues by establishing a collaborative network of researchers from different institutes to work in a research area or to tackle a societal challenge.
Hadi Samadi; Bahar Manbachi
Abstract
While the significance of beauty and symmetry in science has been a recurring theme in the discourse of many eminent scientists, the philosophical contemplation of aesthetics within the philosophy of science has garnered attention only in recent years. This paper examines the perspectives of renowned ...
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While the significance of beauty and symmetry in science has been a recurring theme in the discourse of many eminent scientists, the philosophical contemplation of aesthetics within the philosophy of science has garnered attention only in recent years. This paper examines the perspectives of renowned scientists on the role of beauty and symmetry, revealing a spectrum of views where beauty is variously seen as a hallmark of truth or regarded with skepticism. We propose a psychological explanation for the scientific preoccupation with beauty and symmetry, suggesting that the human ability to recognize facial symmetry is an evolutionary adaptation. This adaptation's byproduct, we argue, is the inclination to appreciate symmetry in domains beyond the original adaptive purpose. Furthermore, the paper explores how portraiture often deviates from biological standards of beauty, indicating a potential to transcend biological predispositions. The final assertion posits that while the pursuit of beauty and symmetry can drive scientific inquiry, it may also impede the attainment of truth. Drawing parallels with artists who have transcended their biological inclinations, we suggest that scientists, too, might overcome these aesthetic biases.
